Musik eksperimental adalah label yang umumnya diterapkan pada berbagai musik atau genre musik.
Musik eksperimental merupakan label yang umumnya diterapkan pada berbagai musik atau genre musik yang mendorong batasan dan definisi genre yang ada.[1] Praktik komposisi eksperimental didefinisikan secara luas oleh kepekaan eksploratif yang secara terang-terangan menentang, dan mempertanyakan, konvensi komposisi, pertunjukan, dan estetika yang terinstitusionalisasi dalam musik.[2] Unsur-unsur musik eksperimental meliputi indeterminasi, di mana komposer memperkenalkan unsur-unsur kebetulan atau ketidakpastian sehubungan dengan komposisi atau pertunjukannya. Seniman dapat mendekati hibrida dari gaya yang berbeda atau menggabungkan unsur-unsur yang nonortodoks dan unik.[1]
John Cage juga menggunakan istilah tersebut sejak tahun 1955. Menurut definisi Cage, "suatu tindakan eksperimental adalah tindakan yang hasilnya tidak dapat diprediksi",[7] dan ia secara khusus tertarik pada karya-karya yang telah selesai yang melakukan tindakan yang tidak dapat diprediksi.[8] Di Jerman, publikasi artikel Cage diantisipasi beberapa bulan sebelumnya dalam sebuah kuliah yang disampaikan oleh Wolfgang Edward Rebner dalam sebuah sesi di Darmstädter Ferienkurse pada tanggal 13 Agustus 1954, berjudul "Amerikanische Experimentalmusikcode: de is deprecated ". Kuliah Rebner memperluas konsep tersebut ke masa lalu untuk mencakup karya-karya Charles Ives, Edgard Varèse, dan Henry Cowell, serta Cage, karena fokus mereka pada suara itu sendiri daripada metode komposisi.[9]
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Cope, David. 1997. Techniques of the Contemporary Composer. New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN0-02-864737-8.
Hiller, Lejaren, and L. M. Isaacson. 1959. Experimental Music: Composition with an Electronic Computer. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Jaffe, Lee David. 1983. "The Last Days of the Avant Garde; or How to Tell Your Glass from Your Eno". Drexel Library Quarterly 19, no. 1 (Winter): 105–122.
Lubet, Alex. 1999. "Indeterminate Origins: A Cultural theory of American Experimental Music". In Perspectives on American music since 1950, edited by James R. Heintze. New York: General Music Publishing Co. ISBN0-8153-2144-9
Mauceri, Frank X. 1997. "From Experimental Music to Musical Experiment". Perspectives of New Music 35, no. 1 (Winter): 187-204.
Metzger, Heinz-Klaus. 1959. "Abortive Concepts in the Theory and Criticism of Music", translated by Leo Black. Die Reihe 5: "Reports, Analysis" (English edition): 21–29).
Meyer, Leonard B. 1994. Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture. Second edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-52143-5.
Nicholls, David. 1990. American Experimental Music, 1890–1940. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-34578-2.
Nicholls, David. 1998. "Avant-garde and Experimental Music". In Cambridge History of American Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-45429-8.
Palombini, Carlos. 1993a. "Machine Songs V: Pierre Schaeffer: From Research into Noises to Experimental Music". Computer Music Journal, 17, No. 3 (Autumn): 14–19.
Piekut, Benjamin. 2008. "Testing, Testing ...: New York Experimentalism 1964". Ph.D. diss. New York: Columbia University.
Rebner, Wolfgang Edward. 1997. "Amerikanische Experimentalmusik". In Im Zenit der Moderne: Geschichte und Dokumentation in vier Bänden—Die Internationalen Ferienkurse für Neue Musik Darmstadt, 1946–1966. Rombach Wissenschaften: Reihe Musicae 2, 4 vols., edited by Gianmario Borio and Hermann Danuser, 3:178–189. Freiburg im Breisgau: Rombach.
Schaeffer, Pierre. 1957. "Vers une musique experimentale". La Revue musicale no. 236 (Vers une musique experimentale), edited by Pierre Schaeffer, 18–23. Paris: Richard-Masse.
Sun, Cecilia. 2013. "Experimental Music". 2013. The Grove Dictionary of American Music, second edition, edited by Charles Hiroshi Garrett. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ballantine, Christopher. 1977. "Towards an Aesthetic of Experimental Music". The Musical Quarterly 63, no. 2 (April): 224–246.
Beal, Amy C. 2006. New Music, New Allies: American Experimental Music in West Germany from the Zero Hour to Reunification. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN0-520-24755-8.
Benitez, Joaquim M. 1978. "Avant-Garde or Experimental? Classifying Contemporary Music". International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 9, no. 1 (June): 53–77.
Broyles, Michael. 2004. Mavericks and Other Traditions in American Music. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Cameron, Catherine. 1996. Dialectics in the Arts: The Rise of Experimentalism in American Music. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
Ensemble Modern. 1995. "Was ist experimentelles Musiktheater? Mitglieder des 'Ensemble Modern' befragen Hans Zender". Positionen: Beiträge zur Neuen Musik 22 (February): 17–20.
Bailey, Derek. 1980. "Musical Improvisation: Its Nature and Practice in Music". Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall; Ashbourne: Moorland. ISBN0-13-607044-2. Second edition, London: British Library National Sound Archive, 1992. ISBN0-7123-0506-8
Experimental Musical Instruments. 1985–1999. A periodical (no longer published) devoted to experimental music and instruments.
Gligo, Nikša. 1989. "Die musikalische Avantgarde als ahistorische Utopie: Die gescheiterten Implikationen der experimentellen Musik". Acta Musicologica 61, no. 2 (May–August): 217–237.
Grant, Morag Josephine. 2003. "Experimental Music Semiotics". International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 34, no. 2 (December): 173–191.
Henius, Carla. 1994. "Experimentelles Musiktheater seit 1946". Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste: Jahrbuch 8:131–154.
Holmes, Thomas B. 2008. Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition. Third edition. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-95781-6 (hbk.) ISBN978-0-415-95782-3 (pbk.)
Lucier, Alvin. 2002. "An einem hellen Tag: Avantgarde und Experiment", trans. Gisela Gronemeyer. MusikTexte: Zeitschrift für Neue Musik, no. 92 (February), pp. 13–14.
Lucier, Alvin. 2012. Music 109: Notes on Experimental Music. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN978-0-8195-7297-4 (cloth); ISBN978-0-8195-7298-1 (ebook).
Piekut, Benjamin. 2011. Experimentalism Otherwise: The New York Avant-Garde and its Limits. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-26851-7.
Saunders, James. 2009. The Ashgate Research Companion to Experimental Music. Aldershot, Hampshire, and Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate. ISBN978-0-7546-6282-2
Schnebel, Dieter. 2001. "Experimentelles Musiktheater". In Das Musiktheater: Exempel der Kunst, edited by Otto Kolleritsch, 14–24. Vienna: Universal Edition. ISBN3-7024-0263-2
Shultis, Christopher. 1998. Silencing the Sounded Self: John Cage and the American Experimental Tradition. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN1-55553-377-9
Smith Brindle, Reginald. 1987. The New Music: The Avant-Garde Since 1945, second edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-315471-4 (cloth) ISBN0-19-315468-4 (pbk.)
Sutherland, Roger, 1994. New Perspectives in Music. London: Sun Tavern Fields. ISBN0-9517012-6-6