Filsafat adalah kajian tentang masalah-masalah umum dan mendasar yang berkaitan dengan hal-hal seperti keberadaan, pengetahuan, nilai, akal, budi, dan bahasa.[1][2] Filsafat dibedakan dari cara-cara lain dalam menangani pertanyaan-pertanyaan mendasar (seperti mistisisme, mitos) melalui sifatnya yang kritis dan umumnya sistematis, serta ketergantungannya pada argumen rasional.[3] Filsafat melibatkan analisis logis terhadap bahasa dan klarifikasi makna kata serta konsep.
Kata "filsafat" berasal dari bahasa Yunaniphilosophia (φιλοσοφία), yang secara harfiah berarti "cinta kebijaksanaan".[4][5][6]
Cabang-cabang filsafat
Cabang-cabang filsafat dan subcabangnya yang digunakan dalam filsafat kontemporer adalah sebagai berikut.
Estetika
Estetika adalah kajian tentang sifat keindahan, seni, dan selera, serta penciptaan jenis kebenaran pribadi.
Etika terapan– pemeriksaan filosofis, dari sudut pandang moral, terhadap isu-isu tertentu dalam kehidupan pribadi dan publik yang menjadi masalah penilaian moral. Dengan demikian, ini merupakan upaya untuk menggunakan metode filosofis guna mengidentifikasi tindakan yang benar secara moral dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan manusia.
Bioetika– analisis isu-isu etis kontroversial yang muncul dari kemajuan di bidang kedokteran.
Etika lingkungan– mempelajari isu-isu etis mengenai dunia nonmanusia. Bidang ini berpengaruh pada berbagai disiplin ilmu termasuk hukum lingkungan, sosiologi lingkungan, ekoteologi, ekonomi ekologis, ekologi, dan geografi lingkungan.
Etika kedokteran – mempelajari isu-isu etis mengenai kedokteran dan penelitian medis.
Etika profesi– etika untuk meningkatkan profesionalisme.
Etika diskursus – penemuan prinsip-prinsip etis melalui studi bahasa.
Etika normatif– studi tentang teori-teori etis yang menetapkan bagaimana orang seharusnya bertindak.
Metaetika– cabang etika yang berusaha memahami sifat dari properti, pernyataan, sikap, dan penilaian etis.
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy– encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 1998 (ISBN978-0415073103). Originally published in both 10 volumes of print and as a CD-ROM, in 2002 it was made available online on a subscription basis. The online version is regularly updated with new articles and revisions to existing articles. It has 1,300 contributors providing over 2,000 scholarly articles.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy– combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely-accessible to internet users. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide.
The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy by Robert Audi
Edwards, Paul, ed. (1967). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Macmillan & Free Press.; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming by Chan, Wing-tsit
Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy edited by Antonio S. Cua
Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English by John A. Grimes
History of Islamic Philosophy edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
History of Jewish Philosophy edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed. (1994) A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996)The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Mautner, T., Ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. London, Penguin Books.
Runes, D., ed. (1942). The Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: The Philosophical Library, Inc. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 24 April 2014. Diakses tanggal 27 December 2005.
Angeles, P.A., Ed. (1992). The HarperCollins Dictionary of Philosophy. New York, Harper Perennial.
Popkin, R.H. (1999). The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. New York, Columbia University Press.
Bullock, Alan, and Oliver Stallybrass, jt. eds. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. N.B.: First published in England under the title, "The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought". ISBN978-0-06-010578-5
Reese, W.L.Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980. iv, 644 p. ISBN978-0-391-00688-1
Oizerman, Teodor (1973). Problems of the History of Philosophy. translated from Russian by Robert Daglish (Edisi 1st). Moscow: Progress Publishers. Diarsipkan dari versi asli pada 6 July 2011. Diakses tanggal 20 January 2011. First published in Russian as Проблемы историко-философской наукиcode: ru is deprecated .
Kuno
Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. ISBN978-0-7456-1977-4
Abad pertengahan
The Phenomenology Reader by Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa, Ed. (1999). Metaphysics: An Anthology. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Bullock, Alan, R.B. Woodings, and John Cumming, eds. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers, in series, Fontana Original[s]. Hammersmith, Eng.: Fontana Press, 1992 [1983]. xxv, 867 p. ISBN978-0-00-636965-3
↑Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."
↑A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."
↑Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."
↑The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe". Webster's New World Dictionary (Edisi Second College).
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