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Phraates IV

Phraates IV 𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕code: xpr is deprecated
Great King, Raja Diraja, Arsaces
Koin Phraates IV, cetakan Mithradatkert
Raja Kekaisaran Partia
Berkuasa	37–2 SM
Pendahulu	Orodes II
Penerus	Phraates V dan Musa

Meninggal	2 BC
Ayah	Orodes II
Pasangan	Olennieire, Cleopatra, Baseirta, Bistheibanaps, Musa
Keturunan	Vonones I, Phraates, Seraspandes, Rhodaspes, Karen, Phraates V
Dinasti	Dinasti Arsacid
Agama	Zoroastrianisme

Phraates IV (juga disebut Frahad IV; Parthian: 𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕code: xpr is deprecated Frahāt) adalah Raja Diraja Kekaisaran Partia dari 37 sampai 2 SM. Ia adalah putra dan penerus dari Orodes II (m. 57–37 SM), dan menerima takhta setelah kematian saudaranya Pacorus I. Phraates IV kemudian membantai seluruh saudaranya, dan mungkin juga ayahnya. Tindakan tersebut menyudutkan orang-orang Armenia dan juga sejumlah bangsawannya, termasuk Monaeses, yang kabur ke triwira Romawi Markus Antonius, namun tak lama kembali dan berrekonsiliasi dengan Phraates IV.

Referensi

Daftar pustaka

Karya kuno

Cassius Dio, Roman History
Plutarch, Parallel Lives

Karya modern

Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids". Dalam Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 21–99. ISBN 0-521-20092-X. {{cite book}}: Kutipan memiliki paramater tidak diketahui : |chapterurl=
Bigwood, J. M. (2004). "Queen Mousa, Mother and Wife(?) of King Phraatakes of Parthia: A Re-evaluation of the Evidence". Journal of the Classical Association of Canada. 4 (1). Project Muse: 35–70. doi:10.1353/mou.2004.0027. S2CID 164436127.
Bigwood, Joan M. (2008). "Some Parthian Queens in Greek and Babylonian Documents". Iranica Antiqua. 43: 235–274. doi:10.2143/IA.43.0.2024050.
Boyce, Mary (1984). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. hlm. 1–252. ISBN 9780415239028.
Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (1991). Beck, Roger (ed.). A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9004293915.
Brosius, Maria (2000). "Women i. In Pre-Islamic Persia". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.{{cite encyclopedia}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit (link)
Brosius, Maria (2006), The Persians: An Introduction, London & New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-32089-4
Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. A History of the Roman Republic (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diterjemahkan oleh W. J. Smyth. Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8.
Burstein, Stanley M. (2004), The Reign of Cleopatra, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4.
Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007). "Religious Iconography on Ancient Iranian coins". Journal of Late Antiquity. London: 413–434.
Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2012). "Parthian Coins: Kingship and Divine Glory": 67–83. {{cite journal}}:
Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2016). "Ancient Iranian Motifs and Zoroastrian Iconography". Dalam Williams, Markus; Stewart, Sarah; Hintze, Almut (ed.). The Zoroastrian Flame Exploring Religion, History and Tradition. I.B. Tauris. hlm. 179–203. ISBN 9780857728159.
Dąbrowa, Edward (2012). "The Arsacid Empire". Dalam Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. hlm. 1–432. ISBN 978-0-19-987575-7.
Dąbrowa, Edward (2017). "Tacitus on the Parthians". Electrum. 42: 171–189. doi:10.4467/20800909EL.17.026.7508.
Dąbrowa, Edward (2018). "Arsacid Dynastic Marriages". Electrum. 25: 73–83. doi:10.4467/20800909EL.18.005.8925.
Garthwaite, Gene Ralph (2005), The Persians, Oxford & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., ISBN 978-1-55786-860-2.
Kia, Mehrdad (2016). The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1610693912.
Kennedy, David (1996), "Parthia and Rome: Eastern Perspectives", dalam Kennedy, David L.; Braund, David (ed.), The Roman Army in the East, Ann Arbor: Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen, hlm. 67–90, ISBN 978-1-887829-18-2
Metcalf, William E. (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199372188.
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2014). "The Genealogy of Artabanos II (AD 8/9–39/40), King of Parthia": 92–97. doi:10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.12400685.V2. {{cite journal}}:
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān". Dalam Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion. Oxbow Books. ISBN 9781785702082.
Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2017). "Kārin". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.{{cite encyclopedia}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit (link)
Rezakhani, Khodadad (2013). "Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage". Dalam Potts, Daniel T. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199733309.
Richardson, J.S. (2012). Augustan Rome 44 BC to AD 14: The Restoration of the Republic and the Establishment of the Empire. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1954-2.
Roller, Duane W. (2010), Cleopatra: A Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5.
Russell, James R. (1987). Zoroastrianism in Armenia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674968509.
Schippmann, K. (1986). "Arsacids ii. The Arsacid Dynasty". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. II, Fasc. 5. hlm. 525–536.
Schmitt, Rüdiger (2005). "Personal Names, Iranian iv. Parthian Period". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.{{cite encyclopedia}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit (link)
Strugnell, Emma (2006), "Ventidius' Parthian War: Rome's Forgotten Eastern Triumph", Acta Antiqua, 46 (3): 239–252, doi:10.1556/AAnt.46.2006.3.3
Strugnell, Emma (2008). "Thea Musa, Roman Queen of Parthia". Iranica Antiqua. 43: 275–298. doi:10.2143/IA.43.0.2024051.
Widengren, G. (1986). "Antiochus of Commagene". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. II, Fasc. 2. hlm. 135–136.

Bacaan tambahan

Dąbrowa, Edward (2007). "The Parthian Kingship": 123–134. {{cite journal}}:
Dąbrowa, Edward (2010). "Arsakes Epiphanes. Were the Arsacids Deities "Revealed"?". Studi Ellenistici (24): 223–231. doi:10.1400/159701.
Dąbrowa, Edward (2013). "The Parthian Aristocracy: Its Social Position and Political Activity". Parthica: Incontri di Culture Nel Mondo Antico: 15, 2013 (15): 53–62. doi:10.1400/220818.
Marciak, Michał (2017). Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West. BRILL. ISBN 9789004350724.
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (1997). "Parthian King's tiara - Numismatic evidence and some aspects of Arsacid political ideology". 2: 27–61. {{cite journal}}:
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2015). "Arsacid Iran and the nomads of Central Asia – Ways of cultural transfer". Complexity of Interaction Along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millenium Ce, Edited by Jan Bemmann, Michael Schmauder (Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology, Volume 7) Bonn 2015 [Vor- und Fruhgeschichtliche Archäologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn]: 333–390.
Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011). Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 1–539. ISBN 9780521766418.

Phraates IV Dinasti Arsacid Meninggal: 2 BC
Didahului oleh: Orodes II	Raja Kekaisaran Partia 37–2 SM	Diteruskan oleh: Phraates V

Basis data pengawasan otoritas
Internasional	VIAF GND
Nasional	Norwegia
Orang	DDB
Lain-lain	Yale LUX

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