Ḥaydar bin Kāwūs (bahasa Arab: حيدر بن كاوسcode: ar is deprecated ), yang lebih dikenal dengan gelar herediternya al-Afshīn (الأفشينcode: ar is deprecated ), adalah seorang jenderal senior keturunan Iran di bawah kekuasaan para khalifah Abbasiyah dan pangeran vasal Oshrusana. Ia memainkan peran utama dalam kampanye-kampanye Khalifah al-Mu'tasim

Sumber

• Bosworth, C.E., ed. (1987). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXII: The Reunification of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Maʾmūn, A.D. 813–33/A.H. 198–213. Seri SUNY dalam Studi Timur Dekat. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-058-8.
• Bury, John Bagnell (1912). A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I (A.D. 802–867). London: Macmillan and Company.
• Haldon, John (2001). The Byzantine Wars: Battles and Campaigns of the Byzantine Era. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-1795-9.
• Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
• Treadgold, Warren T. (1988). The Byzantine Revival, 780–842. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1462-2.
• Vasiliev, A. A. (1935). Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La Dynastie d'Amorium (820–867) (dalam bahasa French). French ed.: Henri Grégoire, Marius Canard. Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
• Whittow, Mark (1996). The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20496-4.
• C. E. Bosworth,"Afshin", Encyclopedia Iranica
• John Bagot Glubb, The Empire of the Arabs, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1963
• E. de la Vaissière, Samarcande et Samarra. Elites d'Asie centrale dans l'empire Abbasside, Peeters, 2007 Diarsipkan 2019-08-16 di Wayback Machine.