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Mineral adalah unsur atau senyawa anorganik padat yang memiliki susunan atom teratur (periodik) dan komposisi kimia tertentu yang menghasilkan sifat fisik yang khas. Pada tahun 1995 definisi mineral diperketat oleh Asosiasi Mineralogi Internasional (IMA) yang menambahkan syarat bahwa mineral harus terbentuk melalui proses geologi alami, bukan melalui proses biologis atau sintesis buatan manusia.

Material kristalin yang dihasilkan oleh organisme hidup atau yang terbentuk di laboratorium tidak diakui sebagai mineral baru. Secara kimiawi mineral kristalin yang memiliki kemiripan dengan mineral alami seperti merkuri yang berwujud cair sementara air sendiri tidak dianggap mineral karena wujud cairnya dan berbeda dengan es atau gletser yang berstruktur kristal yang diakui sebagai mineral.

Di sisi lain definisi mineral dalam naturalistik historis yang lebih luas, yang mendefinisikan mineral sebagai segala material anorganik alami yang menjadi bagian dari kerajaan mineral anonim dari kerajaan hewan dan tumbuhan tanpa terlalu menekankan struktur kristal atau asal-usul genetiknya.^[1]

A

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Adamantine spar (variety of corundum)
• Agate (variety of chalcedony and quartz)
• Alabaster (variety of gypsum)
• Alexandrite (variety of chrysoberyl)
• Allingite (synonym of amber)
• Alum
• Amazonite (variety of microcline)
• Amethyst (purple variety of quartz)
• Ametrine (variety of quartz)
• Ammolite (organic; also a gemstone)
• Amosite (asbestiform grunerite)
• Antozonite (variety of fluorite)
• Anyolite (metamorphic rock - zoisite, ruby, and hornblende)
• Aquamarine (light blue variety of beryl)
• Argentite (high temperature form of acanthite)
• Asbestos (fibrous serpentine- or amphibole minerals)
• Auerlite (variety of thorite)
• Avalite (chromian variety of illite)
• Aventurine (variety of quartz)

B

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Barbertonite (polytype of stichtite)
• Bauxite (aluminium ore)
• Beckerite (natural resin)
• Bentonite (mixture of montmorillonite and other clays)
• Bixbite (red gem variety of beryl)
• Bowenite (variety of antigorite)
• Brammallite (variety of illite)
• Brokenhillite (not approved by IMA)
• Buergerite (renamed to fluor-buergerite)
• Bursaite (not approved by IMA)
• Bytownite (variety of anorthite)

C

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Campylite (variety of mimetite)
• Carbonado (variety of diamond)
• Carnelian (variety of quartz)
• Cementite (synthetic cohenite)
• Ceylonite (variety of spinel)
• Chalcedony (cryptocrystalline variety of quartz and moganite)
• Chiastolite (variety of andalusite)
• Chlorastrolite (variety of pumpellyite-(Mg))
• Chrysoprase (green nickel bearing chalcedony)
• Chrysotile (group name - asbestiform serpentine)
• Citrine (yellow variety of quartz)
• Cleveite (variety of uraninite)
• Clinochrysotile (polytype of chrysotile)
• Coltan (short for minerals of the columbite group)
• Cotterite (variety of quartz)
• Crocidolite (asbestiform riebeckite)
• Cymophane (variety of chrysoberyl)

D

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Delessite (magnesian chamosite)
• Diallage (a junction between augite and diopside)

E

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Elsmoreite (pure hydrokenoelsmoreite)
• Emerald (green gem variety of beryl)

F

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Fassaite (variety of augite)
• Ferrocolumbite (synonym of columbite-(Fe))
• Ferrotantalite (synonym of tantalite-(Fe))
• Fluorspar (synonym of fluorite)
• Francolite (variety of fluorapatite)

G

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Garnierite (a nickel ore)
• Goshenite (colorless variety of beryl)

H

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Hatchettite (a paraffin wax)
• Heliodor (greenish-yellow variety of beryl)
• Heliotrope (variety of chalcedony)
• Hessonite (variety of grossular)
• Hiddenite (variety of spodumene)
• Hyalite (variety of opal)
• Hyalophane (synonym of jaloallofane)
• Hypersthene (synonym of enstatite or ferrosilite, or mid-way member of the enstatite–ferrosilite series) (not approved by IMA)

I

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Idocrase (synonym of vesuvianite)
• Iolite (a gem-quality variety of cordierite)

J

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Jade (tough, green mineral either jadeite or nephrite amphibole)
• Jasper (variety of quartz)
• Jeffersonite (variety of augite)

K

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Keilhauite (variety of titanite)
• Kerolite (variety of talc)
• Krantzite (natural resin)
• Kunzite (variety of spodumene)

L

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock, used as a semi-precious stone
• Larimar (blue variety of pectolite)
• Lodestone (a synonym of magnetite)
• Lublinite (variety of calcite)

M

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Magnesia
• Magnesiocummingtonite (magnesium-rich variety of cummingtonite)
• Malacolite (synonym of diopside)
• Manganocolumbite (synonym of columbite-(Mn))
• Manganotantalite (synonym of tantalite-(Mn))
• Mariposite (variety of phengite/muscovite)
• Meerschaum (variety of sepiolite)
• Melanite (variety of andradite)
• Menilite (variety of opal)
• Milky quartz (a cloudy white quartz)
• Morganite (a pink beryl)

N

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Nephrite (variety of tremolite/actinolite)
• Niobite (synonym of columbite)
• Niobite-tantalite (synonym of columbite-tantalite)

O

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Oligoclase (a mixture of albite and anorthite)
• Onyx (a monochromatic banded variety of chalcedony)
• Opal (a mineraloid. Colored variety used as a gemstone)
• Opalite
• Orthochrysotile (a polytype of chrysotile)

P

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Parachrysotile (a polytype of chrysotile)
• Pelagosite (variety of aragonite)
• Pericline (variety of albite)
• Peridot (gem-quality olivine)
• Perlite (volcanic glass)
• Phengite (variety of muscovite)

• Pimelite
• Pitchblende (a massive impure form of uraninite)
• Plessite (mixture of kamacite and taenite)
• Potassium alum or potash alum (as a mineral, is called alum-(K))

Q

R

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Rashleighite (variety of turquoise)
• Rhodolite (variety of pyrope)
• Rock crystal (quartz)
• Rose quartz (pink variety of quartz)
• Ruby (red gem corundum)

S

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Sapphire (gem corundum of any color except red, especially blue varieties)
• Sard (a variety of chalcedony/quartz)
• Satinspar (a variety of gypsum)
• Selenite (a variety of gypsum)
• Simetite (a variety of amber)
• Smoky quartz (a brown or black variety of quartz)
• Soda niter (synonym of nitratine)
• Spectrolite (a variety of labradorite)
• Spessartite (synonym of spessartine)
• Sphene (synonym of titanite)
• Stantienite (a variety of amber)
• Sunstone (a variety of either oligoclase or orthoclase)

T

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Tanzanite (variety of zoisite)
• Thulite (variety of zoisite)
• Thuringite (variety of chamosite)
• Tsavorite (gem variety of grossularite garnet)
• Tiger's eye (chatoyant variety of quartz)

U

V

W

X

Y

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Yttrocerite (variety of fluorite)
• Yttrocolumbite (variety of columbite)

Z

Varieties that are not valid species:

• Zajacite-(Ce) (name changed to gagarinite-(Ce))
• Zhonghuacerite-(Ce) (considered to be kukharenkoite-(Ce) or huanghoite-(Ce))
• Zinalsite (synonym of fraipontite)

Referensi

Lihat pula

• Indeks artikel geologi
• Daftar grup mineral
• Daftar simbol mineral
• Klasifikasi Nickel–Strunz
• Klasifikasi sistem Dana