Istilah bildungsroman pertama kali disebut oleh Karl Morgenstern yang mengategorikan suatu karya sastra sebagai bildungsroman jika memiliki isi utama yaitu cerita pembentukan dan pendidikan (bildung) protagonis dari mulai perjalanannya sampai tingkat kesempurnaan tertentu. Narasi edukasional tersebut lalu dipakai sebagai cara menumbuhkan pendidikan bagi para pembacanya. Dalam dialektika antara isi cerita dan pembacaan ini, sastra bildungsroman hendak mendorong baik protagonis maupun pembaca menjalani proses perubahan, menuju suatu peningkatan moral dan psikologi untuk menjadi manusia yang terdidik dan mandiri dalam berpikir.[4]
↑Jeffers, Thomas (2005). Apprenticeships: The Bildungsroman from Goethe to Santayana. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. hlm.49. ISBN1-4039-6607-9.
↑Beutin, Wolfgang; Ehlert, Klaus; Emmerich, Wolfgang; Hoffacker, Helmut; Lutz, Bernd; Meid, Volker; Schnell, Ralf; Stein, Peter; Stephan, Inge (1993). A History of German Literature: From the beginnings to the present day. London: Routledge. hlm.181. ISBN0-203-99322-5.
↑Jeffers, Thomas (2005). Apprenticeships: The Bildungsroman from Goethe to Santayana. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. hlm.4. ISBN1-4039-6607-9.
↑Bartram, Graham (2004). The Cambridge Companion to the Modern German Novel. New York: Cambridge University Press. hlm.77–78. ISBN978-0-511-22188-0.
↑Palmer, Joy; Liora Bresler; David Edward Cooper, ed. (2001). Fifty major thinkers on education: from Confucius to Dewey. Routledge Key Guides. hlm.34. ISBN0-415-23126-4.
↑"El lazarillo de Tormes"(PDF) (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (Spain). 2004. hlm.1. Diarsipkan dari asli(PDF) tanggal 2018-03-28. Diakses tanggal 24 November 2013.
↑McCracken, David (2016). "A Burkean Analysis of the Sublimity and the Beauty of the Phallus in John Cleland's Fanny Hill". ANQ. 29 (3): 138–141. doi:10.1080/0895769X.2016.1216388. S2CID164429385.
12McWilliams, Ellen (2009). Margaret Atwood and the Female Bildungsroman. Ashgate Publishing. hlm.14. ISBN978-0-7546-6027-9. The two early English Bildungsromane already mentioned, Tom Jones and The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, are examples of coming-of-age narratives that predate the generic expectations of the German tradition.
↑Feder, Helena (2014). Ecocriticism and the Idea of Culture: Biology and the Bildungsroman. Routledge. hlm.30. ISBN9781315578644. Candide exhibits several of the traits of the "traditional" or Germanic Bildungsroman, particularly the depiction of the development of an individual through travel. As a catalogue of the horrors of the modern world, Candide—perhaps more than any of the other texts examined in this book—lives up to Moretti's articulation of the Bildungsroman as the "'symbolic form' of modernity" (5). Read from an ecocultural perspective, this philosophical Bildungsroman suggests the limitations of Dialectic 's conceptions of the Enlightenment and the subject with a model, albeit a modest one, for interaction with the world outside of rationalism's logic of domination.
↑Martin Coyle; etal., ed. (1990). "Formalism and the Novel: Henry James". Encyclopedia of Literature and Criticism. New York: Routledge Florence. hlm.593.
↑Geoffrey Nash (1994). "Ameen Rihani's The Book of Khalid and the Voice of Thomas Carlyle". New Comparison Journal (17). Colchester, UK: The British Comparative Literature Association, University of Essex.
↑Peters-Little, Frances; Curthoys, Ann; Docker, John (September 2010). "Epistemological vertigo and allegory". Passionate Histories: Myth, Memory and Indigenous Australia. ANU E Press. hlm.62. ISBN9781921666650.
↑Hicks, Patrick (July–December 1999). "History and Masculinity in Brian Moore's 'The Emperor of Ice-Cream'". The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies. 25 (1/2): 400–413. doi:10.2307/25515283. JSTOR25515283.
↑Back of the French translation in the "Folio" collection (éditions Gallimard, 2010): "[...] Avec ce roman d'apprentissage, Philip Roth poursuit son analyse de l'histoire de l'Amérique–celle des années cinquante, des tabous et des frustrations sexuelles–et de son impact sur la vie d'un homme jeune, isolé, vulnérable."