Efedrin, salah satu NRA selektif yang paling terkenal.
Agen pelepas norepinefrin (Bahasa Inggris: norepinephrine releasing agent, disingkat NRA), juga dikenal sebagai agen pelepas adrenergik, adalah jenis obatkatekolaminergik yang menginduksi pelepasan norepinefrin (noradrenalin) dan epinefrin (adrenalin) dari neuronprasinaptik ke dalam sinapsis. Hal ini pada gilirannya menyebabkan peningkatan konsentrasi ekstraseluler norepinefrin dan epinefrin sehingga terjadi peningkatan neurotransmisiadrenergik.[1][2][3][4]
NRA selektif meliputi efedrin, pseudoefedrin, fenilpropanolamina, levometamfetamin, dan D-fenilalaninol. Obat-obatan ini juga melepaskan dopamin dalam jumlah yang jauh lebih sedikit (misalnya ~10 hingga 20 kali lebih lemah).[1][2][25][27] Saat ini belum diketahui adanya NRA yang sangat selektif.[28] Di antara NRA yang paling selektif yang diketahui adalah efedrin, yang memiliki potensi sekitar 19 kali lebih tinggi dalam menginduksi pelepasan norepinefrin dibandingkan pelepasan dopamin dalam satu penelitian.[28][29] Levometamfetamin telah menunjukkan potensi sekitar 15 kali lebih tinggi dalam menginduksi pelepasan norepinefrin dibandingkan pelepasan dopamin.[27][29] D-Fenilalaninol memiliki potensi 13 kali lebih tinggi dalam menginduksi pelepasan norepinefrin dibandingkan pelepasan dopamin.[27] Berbeda dengan levometamfetamin, levoamfetamin adalah NDRA, dengan preferensi hanya sekitar 3 kali lipat untuk menginduksi pelepasan norepinefrin dibandingkan pelepasan dopamin dalam satu penelitian (dibandingkan dengan dekstroamfetamin yang kira-kira sama kuatnya dalam pelepasan norepinefrin dan dopamin dalam penelitian yang sama).[21] NRA memainkan peran penting dalam pengobatan ADHD, obesitas, narkolepsi, dan sebagai simpatomimetik dengan meningkatkan sinyal adrenergik.[1][2][8][30]
↑Heal DJ, Cheetham SC, Smith SL (December 2009). "The neuropharmacology of ADHD drugs in vivo: insights on efficacy and safety". Neuropharmacology. 57 (7–8): 608–618. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.08.020. PMID19761781.
↑Nishino S, Kotorii N (2016). "Modes of Action of Drugs Related to Narcolepsy: Pharmacology of Wake-Promoting Compounds and Anticataplectics". Narcolepsy. Cham: Springer International Publishing. hlm.307–329. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23739-8_22. ISBN978-3-319-23738-1.
↑Sommerauer C, Rebernik P, Reither H, Nanoff C, Pifl C (March 2012). "The noradrenaline transporter as site of action for the anti-Parkinson drug amantadine". Neuropharmacology. 62 (4): 1708–1716. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.11.017. PMID22155208.
↑Schmitt KC, Reith ME (February 2010). "Regulation of the dopamine transporter: aspects relevant to psychostimulant drugs of abuse". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1187: 316–340. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05148.x. PMID20201860.
123Kohut SJ, Jacobs DS, Rothman RB, Partilla JS, Bergman J, Blough BE (December 2017). "Cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects of "norepinephrine-preferring" monoamine releasers: time course and interaction studies in rhesus monkeys". Psychopharmacology (Berl). 234 (23–24): 3455–3465. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4731-5. PMC5747253. PMID28889212. In the present experiments, two monoamine releasers, [levomethamphetamine (l-MA)] and [D-phenylalaninol (PAL-329)], were shown to produce cocaine-like discriminative-stimulus effects in monkeys, suggesting that they meet the above criteria. One of these compounds, l-MA, also has been shown to serve as a positive reinforcer in rodents (Yokel and Pickens 1973) and monkeys (Winger et al 1994), further confirming the overlap with behavioral effects of cocaine. Both compounds also exhibit an approximately 15-fold greater potency in releasing NE than DA, which may be therapeutically advantageous.
12Bauer CT (5 July 2014). Determinants of Abuse-Related Effects of Monoamine Releasers in Rats. VCU Scholars Compass (Thesis). doi:10.25772/AN08-SZ65. Diakses tanggal 24 November 2024. Another potential determinant for increased abuse potential of [monoamine releasers (MARs)] is selectivity for [dopamine (DA)] versus [norepinephrine (NE)]. [...] amphetamine and other abused monoamine releasers have slightly (2 to 3x) higher potency to release NE than DA (Rothman et al., 2001). [...] ephedrine (a 19-fold NE-selective releaser) has been shown to maintain self-administration in monkeys (Anderson et al., 2001) and substitute for amphetamine (Young et al., 1998) and methamphetamine (Bondareva et al., 2002) in drug discrimination studies in rats. [...] This leads to the hypothesis that NE release is another determinant of the abuse-related effects produce by MARs; however, the role of DA vs. NE selectivity has been difficult to investigate further due to a lack of drugs that possess significant selectivity for DA or NE relative to the other catecholamine. [...] Unfortunately, compounds with low potency to release [serotonin (5HT)] and variable potencies to release DA vs. NE do not exist, [...]
12Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Dersch CM, Romero DV, Rice KC, Carroll FI, etal. (January 2001). "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin". Synapse. 39 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1002/1098-2396(20010101)39:1<32::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-3. PMID11071707.